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 Phytophthora

Moderate Resistance, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).

Note: Unripe, Unattached and 9mm stab inoculated

 Iwaro, A.D. et al., 1998

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Reference

Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1998

Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: pp.11-15

Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Descriptors: Resistance based on lesion size following inoculation with P. palmivora and P. capsici Environment: Inoculations were carried out using the stab technique at two depths (3mm and 9mm) Germplasm: 10 clones from the ICG, T collections Trinidad. Experimental Conditions: Pathogens were obtained from naturally infected pods of different cacao clones at UWI, Trinidad. Pathogens were then grown on pods of the same cacao clone (ICS 1) and re-isolated. Isolates were maintained on 20% V8 juice - calcium carbonate agar medium slants as stock and petri dish cultures were prepared for zoospore extraction. Zoospore suspensions were prepared from 10 days old cultures of P. palmivora and P. capsici by inundating each culture plate of 9cm diameter with 10ml of sterile distilled water (at 10 C), refrigerating for 25 min and incubating in the dark for 30 min. Zoospore concentration was determined by haemocytometer. Fully mature unripe pods were harvested from 10 selected clones and inoculated using the stab-3 or the stab-9 method. A standard injury was created on the pod surface using an apparatus that consists of 20 pins with a piercing length of 3 mm or 9mm. Inoculation was affected by placing a filter paper disk (4 mm diameter) immersed in zoospore suspension on the injured area and covered with a spot plaster. After inoculation pods were arranged in a completely randomised design with five replications. For control treatment treatment sterile distilled water was used instead of the zoospore suspension. Inoculated pods and controls were incubated at 25 C in trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with polythene film. After five days lesion area was assessed. Character Data: Wound: N=no, P=punch inoculation (4 mm hole), S3=stab inoculated to 3 mm depth, S9=stab inoculated to 9 mm depth.

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 Disease

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Susceptible, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).

Note: Unripe, Unattached and 3mm stab inoculated

 Iwaro, A.D. et al., 1998

×

Reference

Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1998

Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: pp.11-15

Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Descriptors: Resistance based on lesion size following inoculation with P. palmivora and P. capsici Environment: Inoculations were carried out using the stab technique at two depths (3mm and 9mm) Germplasm: 10 clones from the ICG, T collections Trinidad. Experimental Conditions: Pathogens were obtained from naturally infected pods of different cacao clones at UWI, Trinidad. Pathogens were then grown on pods of the same cacao clone (ICS 1) and re-isolated. Isolates were maintained on 20% V8 juice - calcium carbonate agar medium slants as stock and petri dish cultures were prepared for zoospore extraction. Zoospore suspensions were prepared from 10 days old cultures of P. palmivora and P. capsici by inundating each culture plate of 9cm diameter with 10ml of sterile distilled water (at 10 C), refrigerating for 25 min and incubating in the dark for 30 min. Zoospore concentration was determined by haemocytometer. Fully mature unripe pods were harvested from 10 selected clones and inoculated using the stab-3 or the stab-9 method. A standard injury was created on the pod surface using an apparatus that consists of 20 pins with a piercing length of 3 mm or 9mm. Inoculation was affected by placing a filter paper disk (4 mm diameter) immersed in zoospore suspension on the injured area and covered with a spot plaster. After inoculation pods were arranged in a completely randomised design with five replications. For control treatment treatment sterile distilled water was used instead of the zoospore suspension. Inoculated pods and controls were incubated at 25 C in trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with polythene film. After five days lesion area was assessed. Character Data: Wound: N=no, P=punch inoculation (4 mm hole), S3=stab inoculated to 3 mm depth, S9=stab inoculated to 9 mm depth.

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 Disease

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Susceptible, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).

Note: Unripe, Unattached and not wounded

 Iwaro, D., 1998

×

Reference

Iwaro, D. 1998

Evalation of accessions for Black Pod. Personal Communication 30th October 1998. Data sent by email from Dr. Iwaro.

Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Experimental conditions: Inoculation techinique used - spray method. Inoculum concentration: 100,000 zoospores/ml. Incubated for four days. Character Data: The following descriptions are used to segregate clones according to reaction: no visible symptoms = highly resistant to penetration, 1-5 localised lesions = resistant, 6-15 localised lesions = moderately resistant, >15 localised lesions = partially resistant/resistant to spread of lesion alone, 1-5 expanding lesions = partially resistant/resistant to penetration alone, 6-15 expanding lesions = moderately susceptible, >15 expanding lesions = susceptible, coalesced lesions = highly susceptible Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

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 Disease

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 Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022

Pod Index: 19.1 (pods per kg dried beans)

 Reference

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Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022

Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

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 Yield  Bean  Butterfat  Fruit  Flush  Flower

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 Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022

Colour: dark purple

Shape: elliptical

Number: 43.0

Total Wet Weight: 76.6 g

Cotyledon Dry Weight: 1.22 g

Cotyledon Length: 23.5 mm

Cotyledon Width: 12.3 mm

 Reference

×

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022

Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

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 Yield  Bean  Butterfat  Fruit  Flush  Flower

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 Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022

Testa: 8.10 %

 Reference

×

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022

Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

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 Yield  Bean  Butterfat  Fruit  Flush  Flower

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 Trinidad - CRU, 1998

Butterfat Content: 53.40 %

Testa: 5.40 %

 Reference

×

Reference

Trinidad - CRU 1998

Fat Analysis Data. Data supplied on computer diskette by F. Bekele, CRU, Trinidad.

Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: TTOFATDS TTO - Fat Analysis Germplasm: Data is provided on 410 accessions. Environment: No details given. Descriptors: Data for the fat content of the shell, including standard error and the butterfat content is presented. Methods: Ripe, open pollinated pods were harvested, 2 pods from each of 5 trees (10 pods per accession) were selected. The beans were then mixed thoroughly and a sub-sample taken. The sub-sample was then cleaned to remove the mucliage, oven dried and stored at room temperature until analysis. For each accession 2 bean samples (each consisting of 20 beans) were taken from the bulked sample. The beans were shelled and eaach sample was groung using a coffee grinder (2x30 seconds). The ground samples were then dried for 16 hours at 110 degrees C, cooled and stored in a dessicator at 25 degrees C until analysis. From the cried ground samples, a 2 gram sub-sample was weighed into a beaker, 100 ml of 4.0M HCl was added and the sample boiled for 30 minutes. The boiled sample was filtered and the residue washed with distilled water until clear of pigment. After washing, the filtered sample was placed in an extraction thimble and dried for 16 hours at 60 degrees C. The butterfat from the bean samples was extracted using the Soxtec System (Tecetor). Each dried sample was extracted for one hour using petroleum ether (40-60) as the solvent. The butterfat extracted from the sample was then dried in an oven for 30 minutes at 100 degrees C, cooled in a dessicator and the percentage butterfat determined on a dry matter basis.

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 Butterfat

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 Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022

Shape: obovate

Basal Constriction: slight

Apex Form: obtuse

Rugosity: moderate

Length: 189.0 mm

Breadth: 94.0 mm

Colour: anthocyanin absent

Hardness: moderate

Note: Hardness > 1.6 and <= 2.0 Mpa

 Reference

×

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022

Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

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 Yield  Bean  Butterfat  Fruit  Flush  Flower

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 Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022

Colour: moderate anthocyanin

 Reference

×

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022

Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

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 Yield  Bean  Butterfat  Fruit  Flush  Flower

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 Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022

Ligule Colour: slight anthocyanin

Stamen Colour: moderate anthocyanin

Sepal Length: 8.09 mm

Ligule Width: 2.61 mm

Ovule Number: 44

Style Length: 2.69 mm

Pedicel Colour: reddish

 Reference

×

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022

Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

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 Yield  Bean  Butterfat  Fruit  Flush  Flower

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Pound, F.J. (1943) First report on the selection of cacao trees for resistance to Witches' Broom disease. Unpublished report, Ministry of Agriculture, Trinidad.

CEPEC (2012) Accession list for the CEPEC (Bahia, Brazil) collection. Dr. José Luis Pires, personal communication, February 2012.

Allan Mata (2018) Accession list for the International Cacao Collection at CATIE (IC3). Personal communication.

CPCRI (2008) Cocoa germplasm maintained at the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) Regional Station, Vittal, India. Data supplied to ICGD by email. D. Balasimha, CPCRI Vittal, India, July 2008.

CRU (2011) ICG,T accessions. CRU website.

Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. (1998) Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: pp.11-15

Iwaro, D. (1998) Evalation of accessions for Black Pod. Personal Communication 30th October 1998. Data sent by email from Dr. Iwaro.

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee (2022) Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Trinidad - CRU (1998) Fat Analysis Data. Data supplied on computer diskette by F. Bekele, CRU, Trinidad.