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PA 35 [PER] Group Name Theobroma cacao

Pound, F.J. (1938)
Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Derivation: PArinari.
Collected by Pound.
Location: Parinari, Peru.

Pound, 1938a: [POU38A] type 1 - long, generally warty pods with a pronounced bottleneck and a conspicuous point, type 2 - lack the pronounced bottleneck, type 3 - pods shorter and lack both the pronounced bottle neck and point, type 4 - smooth lagarta, ie with bottle neck and point but with shallow furrows and a smooth shell, type 5 - as type 1 but with very small beans, type 6 - short, 10 ridged oval, warty pods, sometimes with red tint. Posnette, 1945A [POS45A]. Parinari type has long petioles (2-3 cm) with pulvini separated by a long, deep constriction even when young. The stamen filaments are not pigmented.

Notes: Selections from the region around Parinari.

Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Pods probably collected from some 20 trees free of Witches' Broom in a population of type 1,2,3, and 4. Further collections may have made around Porvenir (between the Boca del Huallaga and Boca del Pastaza) from types 5 and 6.

Pound, 1943b [POU43B]. 277 plants were planted at Marper farm.

Bartley, 1998a [BAR98A] Parinari means tree and it is the name of a place on the River Amazon (Maranon) in Peru. However it is believed to refer to a region rather than a specific place. Types 5 and 6 were collected from along the whole stretch of the Maranon River.

SNP/SSR

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Synonyms: PARINARI 35 [PER]

RECOMMENDED PLANTING MATERIAL Disclaimer

Recommended Planting Material

Disclaimer
Recommendations for planting materials are made by the referenced authors for specific regions and growing conditions. They are provided here as a guide and historic record only. To confirm the most appropriate planting material for your needs and its availability, please contact your local cocoa authority.

Details on clones that are available for distribution and guidelines on the safe movement of cacao germplasm can be obtained from the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading

Susilo, Agung W, 2015: Recommended seed parent in:
Indonesia (North Sumatera); Seed Garden / Source: PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV; Other Seed Garden Parents: ICS 60 | TSH 858 | UF 667 | NA 32 | NA 33 | IMC 67; Recommended by: Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Indonesia; Reference

Reference

Susilo, Agung W 2015
BREEDING PROGRAM AND DEVELOPMENT PLANTING MATERIAL OF COCOA (Theobroma Cacao L.) IN INDONESIA. Asia Pacific Regional Cocoa Research Workshop Davao Philippines, 12-15th October 2015.
Recommended material
Susilo, Agung W, 2015: Recommended seed parent in:
Indonesia (South-east Sulawesi); Seed Garden / Source: PT Hasfarm Agro Niaga; Other Seed Garden Parents: NA 32 | NA 33 | UIT 1 | UIT 2 | SCA 6 | IMC 67; Recommended by: Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Indonesia; Reference

Reference

Susilo, Agung W 2015
BREEDING PROGRAM AND DEVELOPMENT PLANTING MATERIAL OF COCOA (Theobroma Cacao L.) IN INDONESIA. Asia Pacific Regional Cocoa Research Workshop Davao Philippines, 12-15th October 2015.
Recommended material

PEDIGREE DETAILS

Mother to:: A 1235 [MYS] Department of Agriculture, Malaysia., 1988

Reference

Department of Agriculture, Malaysia. 1988
1988 Annual Research Report. Cocoa Research Station, Quoin Hill, Tawau. Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sabah, Malaysia.
Bean; A 1451 [MYS] Department of Agriculture, Malaysia., 1988

Reference

Department of Agriculture, Malaysia. 1988
1988 Annual Research Report. Cocoa Research Station, Quoin Hill, Tawau. Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sabah, Malaysia.
Bean; A 877 [MYS] Department of Agriculture, Malaysia., 1988

Reference

Department of Agriculture, Malaysia. 1988
1988 Annual Research Report. Cocoa Research Station, Quoin Hill, Tawau. Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sabah, Malaysia.
Bean; A 969 [MYS] Department of Agriculture, Malaysia., 1988

Reference

Department of Agriculture, Malaysia. 1988
1988 Annual Research Report. Cocoa Research Station, Quoin Hill, Tawau. Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sabah, Malaysia.
Bean; BAL 209 Pang, J.T.Y. et al., 1994

Reference

Pang, J.T.Y., Lim, D.H.K. & Lockwood, G. 1994
Clonal cocoa trials and selection for superior clones. In: Proceedings of the International Cocoa Conference: Challenges in the 90's, Kuala Lumpur, 1991. Malaysian Cocoa Board, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. pp. 38-47.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: PROGENY_; C 65 [TAF] Toxopeus, H., 1968

Reference

Toxopeus, H. 1968
Establishment of cacao clones in Nigeria. Euphytica, 17: pp 38-45.
Notes

Nigeria - CRIN Datafile: PROGENY_; C 74 [TAF] Toxopeus, H., 1968

Reference

Toxopeus, H. 1968
Establishment of cacao clones in Nigeria. Euphytica, 17: pp 38-45.
Notes

Nigeria - CRIN Datafile: PROGENY_; T 63 [POS] Ghana - WACRI, No Date

Reference

Ghana - WACRI No Date
WACRI Cocoa Varieties. Explanatory notes. West African Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana. A. Asare Nyako, Ghanaian Cocoa Board, Ghana. Personal Communication.
Notes

Ghana - WACRI Datafile: PROGENY_ These notes deal with the Amazon cocoa being issued from WACRI and with the varieties under test in the Series I and Series II trials.; T 76 [POS] Ghana - WACRI, No Date

Reference

Ghana - WACRI No Date
WACRI Cocoa Varieties. Explanatory notes. West African Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana. A. Asare Nyako, Ghanaian Cocoa Board, Ghana. Personal Communication.
Notes

Ghana - WACRI Datafile: PROGENY_ These notes deal with the Amazon cocoa being issued from WACRI and with the varieties under test in the Series I and Series II trials.; T 86 [POS] Togo - IRCC Togo, 1986

Reference

Togo - IRCC Togo 1986
Collection de cacaoyers. Composition au 1er Janvier, 1986. IRCC Togo. A.B. Eskes, IRCC, Montpellier, France. Personal Communication.
Notes

Togo - IRCC Datafile: DIS___DS - Disease reaction to stress and disease DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_SSDS - Disease reaction to Swollen Shoot PROGENY_ Descriptors: Resistance to drought, Phytophthora, Swollen shoot Environment: Togo, IRCC. No further details. Germplasm: Accessions held in IRCC, Togo.

Disease
Father to:: PBC 130 Malaysia - Prang Besar, 1982

Reference

Malaysia - Prang Besar 1982
Prang Besar Cocoa Clones. Internal Report, Harisson & Crossfields, Prang Besar Research Station, Malaysia. pp. 20.
Notes

Malaysia - Prang Besar Datafile: PBC___DS MYS - Prang Besar1, PBC clones Germplasm: Information is given on 10 PBC clones evaluated at Prang Besar research station between 1968-1981. Most of these clones are derived from outstanding seedlings selected from F1 hybrid plantings on Harrisons & Crossfield Estates and from vigorous seedlings within F1 progenies imported by MARDI from Brazil and Costa Rica. Environment: Some trials located on rather acidic soils, subject to some waterlogging and drying out. Descriptors: Leaf, fruit, seed and agronomic characteristics are described.

Disease Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Leaf; T 82 [POS] Ghana - WACRI, No Date

Reference

Ghana - WACRI No Date
WACRI Cocoa Varieties. Explanatory notes. West African Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana. A. Asare Nyako, Ghanaian Cocoa Board, Ghana. Personal Communication.
Notes

Ghana - WACRI Datafile: PROGENY_ These notes deal with the Amazon cocoa being issued from WACRI and with the varieties under test in the Series I and Series II trials.; UPC 50 Lee, M.T. et al., 1993

Reference

Lee, M.T., Tay, E.B., Lamin, K. & Saedi, M. 1993
Catalogue of locally collected clones in Malaysia. Catalogue compiled by the Malaysian Cocoa Board, Sabah, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - Malaysian Cocoa Board Datafile: MYS___DS MYS - MCB Local Selections PROGENY_ Germplasm: 67 selections of clones submitted by research agencies and plantations in Malaysia. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Information on plant, pod and seed characteristics, pest and disease resistance, sexual compatability and agronomic performance. Character Data: Seed length, width, thickness and number per pod: average of 40 pods. Shell content: expressed as percentage of dry bean weight. The beans from the sample taken for dry weight measurement are used for the assessment of shell content.

Disease Pests Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Leaf Flower

GENOME/TRANSCRIPTOME DATA LINKS

Jaime A Osorio-Guarín et al., 2020

Reference

BioProject: PRJNA734904 NCBI ENA FASTQ

Library Source: Genomic

Run: SRR14743842 NCBI ENA FASTQ

Experiment: SRX11078280

BioSample: SAMN19549192

SampleName: PA35

SampleSource: AGROSAVIA, Colombia

HELD IN

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Cameroon, Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD): List received in 1985 Reference

Reference

Cameroon - IRAD Cameroun 1985
Collection Camerounaise de cacaoyers (situation en Juillet, 1985). Unpublished report, IRCC Cameroun. Supplied by A.B. Eskes, IRCC Montpellier.; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]
Cameroon, N'koemvone Research Station: List received in 1971 Reference

Reference

Leon, J. & Sgaravatti, E. 1971
Provisional list of genetic materials for plant introduction and exchange. AGPE Misc 71/2. FAO, Rome. pp. 26.
Notes

Lists of the clones held at CEPEC-Brazil, Nkoemvone-Cameroun, Central Agric. REs. Inst- Ceylon, CIA Palmira-Colombia, IICA-Costa Rica, INIAP-Ecuador, CRI-Ghana, MALF-Grenada, IFCC-Cote D'Ivoire, CIB-Jamaica, CRIN-Nigeria, CRU-Trinidad, Agr. Exp. Stat.-Suriname, Mayaguez-USA, Caucagua-Venezuela.; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]
Cote d'Ivoire, Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA): List received in 1989 Reference

Reference

Cote d'Ivoire - IRCC 1989
Liste des clones en collection. Unpublished Report, IRCC Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire, Doc. No. 192. D. Clement, IRCC, Cote d'Ivoire. Personal Communication.
Notes

List of clones grouped as West African Amelonados, Lower Amazons, Venezuelan collections, French Guiana collections, Ecuadorian collections, local Trinitarios, other Trinitarios, upper Amazons and Criollos. Notes on origin, date and place of origin and nature of the material (cuttings, budwood, seed).; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1962
Ecuador, Estation Experimental Tropical Pichilingue: List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

EET - Pichilingue 2012
Accessions planted in EET - Pichilingue, Ecuador. Freddy Amores and Ignacio Sotomayor C, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: PA - 35; - Year of Accession: 1971
Fiji, Naduruloulou Research Centre: List received in 1992 Reference

Reference

Fiji - Naduruloulou 1992
Cocoa collection - Fiji Naduruloulou Research Station. G. Prasad, Koronivia Research Station, Nausari, Fiji. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1968
Ghana, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CRIG 2012
Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: PA35; - Year of Accession: 1973
Indonesia, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI): List received in 2008 Reference

Reference

Susilo, A. 2008
The list of germplasm collected by ICCRI. Personal communication from Agung Susilo, July 2008.; • Accession: IDN-13-TCAC-00187; - Local Name: PA35
Malaysia, Agricultural Research Centre (ARC): List received in 1990 Reference

Reference

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran 1990
List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]
Sri Lanka, Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI): List received in 1971 Reference

Reference

Leon, J. & Sgaravatti, E. 1971
Provisional list of genetic materials for plant introduction and exchange. AGPE Misc 71/2. FAO, Rome. pp. 26.
Notes

Lists of the clones held at CEPEC-Brazil, Nkoemvone-Cameroun, Central Agric. REs. Inst- Ceylon, CIA Palmira-Colombia, IICA-Costa Rica, INIAP-Ecuador, CRI-Ghana, MALF-Grenada, IFCC-Cote D'Ivoire, CIB-Jamaica, CRIN-Nigeria, CRU-Trinidad, Agr. Exp. Stat.-Suriname, Mayaguez-USA, Caucagua-Venezuela.; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]
Thailand, Chumphon Horticultural Research Centre: List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

Suchirat Sakuanrungsirikul 2012
Cocoa germplasm maintained at the Chumphon Research Center, Thailand. Data supplied to ICGD by email. Suchirat Sakuanrungsirikul, Agricultural Research Officer, Department of Agriculture, Thailand. January 2012.; • Local Name: Pa35
Togo, Institut de Recherches du Cafe et du Cacao (IRCC): List received in 1991 Reference

Reference

Togo - IRCC Togo 1991
Collection des clones de cacaoyers presents au Togo. Unpublished report, IRCC Togo, p.1.; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]
Trinidad and Tobago, International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T): List received in 2011 Reference

Reference

CRU 2011
ICG,T accessions. CRU website.
Notes

Website visited 12th April 2011

Link Unavailable [http://sta.uwi.edu/cru/icgt-accessions.asp]; • Local Name: PA 35 [PER]

DISEASE

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Phytophthora: Intermediate, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Togo - IRCC Togo, 1986

Reference

Togo - IRCC Togo 1986
Collection de cacaoyers. Composition au 1er Janvier, 1986. IRCC Togo. A.B. Eskes, IRCC, Montpellier, France. Personal Communication.
Notes

Togo - IRCC Datafile: DIS___DS - Disease reaction to stress and disease DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_SSDS - Disease reaction to Swollen Shoot PROGENY_ Descriptors: Resistance to drought, Phytophthora, Swollen shoot Environment: Togo, IRCC. No further details. Germplasm: Accessions held in IRCC, Togo.

Disease; Susceptible, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Clement, D. & Sounigo, O., 1992

Reference

Clement, D. & Sounigo, O. 1992
Ivory Coast Database. D. Clement & O. Sounigo, IRCC, Bingerville, Cote d'Ivoire. Personal Communication.
Notes

Cote d'Ivoire - IRCC/CNRA Bingerville Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora PROGENY_ Descriptors Tolerance to Phytophthora palmivora Environment: Tolerance evaluated from the percentage of rotten pods after natural infection Germplasm: 70 clones of different origins

Disease; Tolerant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Enriquez, G. & Soria, V.J., 1977

Reference

Enriquez, G. & Soria, V.J. 1977
Mejoramiento genético para resistencia a cinco enfermedades del cacao. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Cocoa Research Conference, Caracas, Venezuela, 1977. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 45-56.
Notes

Various data sources Review of disease data complied at Costa Rica - CATIE from sources including: Costa Rica - CATIE, Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies, Ghana - WACRI, Ecuador - Pichilingue. Datafile: DIS_MODS - Disease reaction to Monilia Pod Rot DIS___DS - Disease reaction to stress and disease DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_SSDS - Disease reaction to CSSV DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom DIS_CEDS - Disease reaction to Ceratocystis Descriptors: Information on the type of disease/stress and the reaction of the clone.

Disease
Vascular Streak Dieback: 57.00 % Infection; Note: 20 plants sampled..; Subali, S., 1992

Reference

Subali, S. 1992
MARDI's results on performance of imported primary cocoa clones. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - MARDI Datafile: MARDI_DS MYS - MARDI Germplasm: Agronomic and morphological characteristics of some of the clones held by MARDI. Environment: No details.

Disease; Susceptible; Phua, P.K. et al., 1990

Reference

Phua, P.K., Lamin, K & Lee, M.T. 1990
Cocoa germplasm in Sabah and their potential. In: Proceedings of the MCGC-Malaysia Cocoa Board Workshop on Cocoa Agricultural Research. MCGC, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - Sabah Disease - Oncobasidium theobromae (local names: Vascular Streak Dieback) Datafile: DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD Descriptors: Records details of bean weight, shell content, wet to dry bean conversion ratio, pod conversion index, bean number per pod, annual pod yield per tree, sexual compatibility. Environment: Cocoa Research Station, Tawau and Agricultural Research Station, Tenom, Sabah, Malaysia Germplasm: Local selections made in Malaysia and imported germplasm comprising mainly of PA [PER], NA, IMC, SCA and POUND [POU] material

Disease

PESTS

Mirids: Susceptible; K. F. N’Guessan et al., 2003

Reference

K. F. N’Guessan, A. B. Eskes & Ph. Lachenaud 2003
Etude de la Resistance du Cacaoyer aux Mirides : Classification des Grands Groupes de Cacaoyers en Fonction de Leur Niveau de Resistance ou Sensibilite. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Cocoa Research Conference, Accra, Ghana (October 2003). Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria.
Notes

Title: 'Study on the Resistance of Cocoa Trees to Mirids in Cote d’Ivoire: Classification of Major Cocoa Tree Groups by their Level of Resistance / Sensitivity'.

Pests

YIELD

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture, 1992: Seed Index: 83.3 (dried beans per 100g); Pod Index: 21.9 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture 1992
Data from Applied Agriculture Research Unit (AARU). In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 4.
Notes

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture Research Datafile: AARU__DS MYS - Applied Agriculture Germplasm: Agronomic characteristics of 120 of the clones held at Applied Agriculture Research. The clones were field budded on 1982 seedlings planting between 1984 and 1987. Environment: No details given.

Yield Bean
Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Seed Index: 77.5 (dried beans per 100g); Pod Index: 24.2 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower

BEAN

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Malaysia - Applied Agriculture, 1992: Number: 37.9; Dry Weight: 1.20 g; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture 1992
Data from Applied Agriculture Research Unit (AARU). In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 4.
Notes

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture Research Datafile: AARU__DS MYS - Applied Agriculture Germplasm: Agronomic characteristics of 120 of the clones held at Applied Agriculture Research. The clones were field budded on 1982 seedlings planting between 1984 and 1987. Environment: No details given.

Yield Bean
Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Number: 31.7; Total Dry Weight: 41.3 g; Dry Weight: 1.29 g; Note: 53 plants sampled; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
KKO, 1993: Colour: dark purple; Number: 53.0; Reference

Reference

KKO 1993
Information from the KKO cocoa germplasm database. Information supplied on computer diskette by C. Cilas, CIRAD-CP, France.
Notes

Cote d'Ivoire and Togo - CIRAD Datafile: CIRAD_DS FRA - CIRAD Passport characteristics Germplasm: Descriptors given for 173 clones of mainly West African and French Guyanian origin. Compilation of data from Côte d'Ivoire and Togo. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Thirteen descriptors for fruit, seed and compatability characteristics.

Bean Fruit Flush Flower

BUTTERFAT

Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Butterfat Content: 55.70 %; Note: 7 plants sampled; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower

FLUSH

Allen, J.B., 1988: Colour: intermediate anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Allen, J.B. 1988
Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 197.
Notes

Colombia, Ecuador - Amazon region Datafile: LCT___DC ECU - LCTAP Fruit and seed characteristics LCT2__DS LCTAP Habit and flower characteristics LCT___DS ECU - LCTAP Field and genebank data Germplasm: Details of 234 LCT-EEN and EBC accessions from material collected in the Amazon region of Ecuador and R. Caqueta, Colombia and several of Pound's collections held at the San Carlos genebank. Environment: Accessions were either described at the time of collection or after planting in the field genebank at the San Carlos site of the INIAP Napo-Payamino Experimental Station in Napo Province. In the field genebank, a maximum of 10 seedlings for each collection were planted in a single row and budwood collections were planted as a row of up to 5 plants. Trees were spaced at 3m within the row and 4m between rows. Meteorological data are given in the table as mean daily maximum and mean daily minimum temperature and mean total rainfall per month. Soil analyses were carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Edinburgh University, UK. The table shows the means of duplicate analyses of five samples taken from the genebank site and the forest surrounding the genebank. Soil data: pH 4.2 Org. Mat. (%) 9.4 N (Total, %) 0.3 P (Total, µg/g) 702 Ca (meq/100g) 5.19 Mg (meq/100g) 1.60 K (meq/100g) 0.48 Ca/Mg (ratio) 3.24 Ca+Mg/K (ratio) 14.1 Meteorological data: Temperature (°C) Rainfall (mm) Daily Max. Daily Min. January 30.9 21.2 116.2 February 29.1 20.6 272.3 March 29.8 21.2 260.0 April 29.9 21.3 327.5 May 29.9 21.0 287.9 June 27.9 20.4 308.1 July 28.1 20.0 254.1 August 29.3 20.3 262.5 September 30.3 20.5 282.4 October 30.6 21.1 257.1 November 30.8 21.1 361.2 December 31.0 21.4 154.8 Descriptors: The coding of the descriptors, and the methodology of recording, is based on the IBPGR standardised format, Engels et al., 1980 [ENG80A] and Engels, 1981 [ENG81A]. However, pod and bean data were recorded from a sample of 1-5 pods per collection, rather than the recommended sample of 10-20 pods due to limited availability of pods.

Flush Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: intense anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FLOWER

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Allen, J.B., 1988: Stamen Colour: anthocyanin absent; Sepal Colour: slight anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 9.00 mm; Ovary Colour: slight anthocyanin (apical); Pedicel Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Allen, J.B. 1988
Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 197.
Notes

Colombia, Ecuador - Amazon region Datafile: LCT___DC ECU - LCTAP Fruit and seed characteristics LCT2__DS LCTAP Habit and flower characteristics LCT___DS ECU - LCTAP Field and genebank data Germplasm: Details of 234 LCT-EEN and EBC accessions from material collected in the Amazon region of Ecuador and R. Caqueta, Colombia and several of Pound's collections held at the San Carlos genebank. Environment: Accessions were either described at the time of collection or after planting in the field genebank at the San Carlos site of the INIAP Napo-Payamino Experimental Station in Napo Province. In the field genebank, a maximum of 10 seedlings for each collection were planted in a single row and budwood collections were planted as a row of up to 5 plants. Trees were spaced at 3m within the row and 4m between rows. Meteorological data are given in the table as mean daily maximum and mean daily minimum temperature and mean total rainfall per month. Soil analyses were carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Edinburgh University, UK. The table shows the means of duplicate analyses of five samples taken from the genebank site and the forest surrounding the genebank. Soil data: pH 4.2 Org. Mat. (%) 9.4 N (Total, %) 0.3 P (Total, µg/g) 702 Ca (meq/100g) 5.19 Mg (meq/100g) 1.60 K (meq/100g) 0.48 Ca/Mg (ratio) 3.24 Ca+Mg/K (ratio) 14.1 Meteorological data: Temperature (°C) Rainfall (mm) Daily Max. Daily Min. January 30.9 21.2 116.2 February 29.1 20.6 272.3 March 29.8 21.2 260.0 April 29.9 21.3 327.5 May 29.9 21.0 287.9 June 27.9 20.4 308.1 July 28.1 20.0 254.1 August 29.3 20.3 262.5 September 30.3 20.5 282.4 October 30.6 21.1 257.1 November 30.8 21.1 361.2 December 31.0 21.4 154.8 Descriptors: The coding of the descriptors, and the methodology of recording, is based on the IBPGR standardised format, Engels et al., 1980 [ENG80A] and Engels, 1981 [ENG81A]. However, pod and bean data were recorded from a sample of 1-5 pods per collection, rather than the recommended sample of 10-20 pods due to limited availability of pods.

Flush Flower
Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Self Compatibility: self compatible; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
KKO, 1993: Self Compatibility: self compatible; Reference

Reference

KKO 1993
Information from the KKO cocoa germplasm database. Information supplied on computer diskette by C. Cilas, CIRAD-CP, France.
Notes

Cote d'Ivoire and Togo - CIRAD Datafile: CIRAD_DS FRA - CIRAD Passport characteristics Germplasm: Descriptors given for 173 clones of mainly West African and French Guyanian origin. Compilation of data from Côte d'Ivoire and Togo. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Thirteen descriptors for fruit, seed and compatability characteristics.

Bean Fruit Flush Flower
Posnette, A.F., 1945: Self Compatibility: self incompatible; Reference

Reference

Posnette, A.F. 1945
Incompatibility in Amazon cacao. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 22: pp. 184-187.
Notes

Trinidad - Imperical College of Tropical Agriculture, University of the West Indies Datafile: COMP__DS - Compatibility Experimental Conditions: Cross-compatibility study carried out at Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad. Pollinations were carried out by hand with the flowers being covered by fine muslin the day before opening. Self-Incompatible - no sets from at least 10 pollinations Cross-Incompatible - no sets from at least 10 pollinations Cross-compatible - at least 25% setting

Flower

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